Adaptive Regulation, European Journal of Risk Regulation (2026)
Future-proof regulation is an illusion. The difficulty is not that regulation moves too slowly. It is that regulation assumes change arrives in a straight line, when digital markets move by recombinations. I measure the adaptive mechanisms built into eight EU Digital Acts, from delegated acts to review clauses, and find them built on that linear assumption. I propose, instead, four principles for future-responsive regulation derived from complexity science.

The Taxonomy Trap: AI Paradigm Shifts and the DMA (2026)
The DMA sorts obligations by service category, a taxonomy built for intermediation services that stay put. Frontier AI crosses several categories at once, faster than the regulatory cycle can follow. The obligations then land on conduct they were not written for, and enforcement distorts competition in AI markets rather than protecting it.

Decoding the AI Act, Journal of Competition Law & Economics (2025)
The AI Act is poised to become a pillar of modern competition law. The present article seeks to offer those interested in competition law with a critical guide to its key provisions. It also discusses the AI Act’s effect on innovation and competition within the EU single market.

Competition between AI Foundation Models, with Alex Pentland, Industrial and Corporate Change (2024)
Generative AI is set to become a critical technology for our modern economies. If we are currently experiencing a strong, dynamic competition between the underlying foundation models, legal institutions have an important role to play in ensuring that the spring of foundation models does not turn into a winter with an ecosystem frozen by a handful of players.